Unit+VIII+-+The+Civil+Rights+Movement

=The Civil Rights Movement:=

Martin Luther King Jr. and Non-violent Protest (Civil Disobedience)

 * [[image:http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/.a/6a00d8341c630a53ef012876e0bcdc970c-600wi width="360" height="294" caption="MLK Jr @ The March on Washington"]] || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/AfricanAmericans1.png width="224" height="288" caption="Prominent African-American Leaders: WEB Du Bois, Malcolm X, MartinLuther King Jr, Rosa Parks"]] ||



=A. Preview using primary source PHOTOS (handed out in class)=

2. As a class we will write down the Main Ideas and/or Key Terms explained by each group.
=B. Eyes on the Prize Video=

** C. Key Questions for our brief look at the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s (use info and links below for help): **

 * 1) ==What is a civil rights movement?==
 * 2) ==What were the main goals of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s in America?==
 * 3) ==Who was Martin Luther King Jr. and what did he believe in?==
 * 4) ==What were the key events of the Civil Rights Movement?==
 * 5) ==What strategies were used to accomplish the goals of the Civil Rights Movement?==
 * 6) ==What accomplishments were made?==

=D. MA State Frameworks:=

USII.25 Analyze the origins, goals, and key events of the Civil Rights movement. (H) // People // // Institution // the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) // Events //
 * 1) A. Robert Kennedy
 * 2) B. Martin Luther King, Jr.
 * 3) C. Thurgood Marshall
 * 4) D. Rosa Parks
 * 5) E. Malcolm X
 * 1) A. // Brown v. Board of Education // (1954)
 * 2) B. the 1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott
 * 3) C. the 1957-1958 Little Rock School Crisis
 * 4) D. the sit-ins and freedom rides of the early 1960s
 * 5) E. the 1963 civil rights protest in Birmingham
 * 6) F. the 1963 March on Washington
 * 7) G. the 1965 civil rights protest in Selma
 * 8) H. the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.

// Seminal Primary Documents to Read // : Reverend Martin Luther King’s, “I Have A Dream” speech and his //Letter from Birmingham City Jail// (1963) President Lyndon Johnson, speech to Congress on voting rights (March 15, 1965)

USII.26 Describe the accomplishments of the civil rights movement. (H, E)
 * 1) A. the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act
 * 2) B. the growth of the African American middle class, increased political power, and declining rates of African American poverty

Civil Rights Movement page - history.com MLK Jr page - history.com MLK Jr Bio - 5 min youtube video The King Center King Center - glossary of non-violence MLK Jr Institute

CR Movt interactive timeline from PBS

Eyes on the Prize site - PBS

Brown v Board overview - youtube - 5 mins

CBS Evening News Report of MLK assassination - 4/4/68

Youtube Playlist for MLK MLK Jr - clip of last speech - 3 mins - youtube I Have a Dream Speech - 17 mins (13:30) August 28, 1963 - The March on Washington MLK "I Have a Dream Speech" on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

MLK Jr - Opposition to Vietnam War - 22 min speech - youtube MLK Jr & Memphis Sanitation Strike - 10 min youtube documentary

Years Later We Would Remember

Teachers' Domain: Civil Rights

@http://www.teachersdomain.org/special/civil/

Using archival news footage, primary sources, and interview segments filmed for //Eyes on the Prize//, this collection captures the voices, images, and events of the Civil Rights Movement and the ongoing struggle for racial equality in America. The collection includes lesson plans, video and audio clips, an interactive timeline, and handouts. You will need to set up a free registration for Teachers' Domain to use these resources. A Biography ofAmerica: The Sixties

@http://www.learner.org/biographyofamerica/prog24/index.html

On this site, you can view the //Biography of America// video (or read the transcript) for Program 24: The Sixties, which includes a focus on the Civil Rights Movement. You can also access maps, listings of key events, and Web li nks on this topic. American Bar Association: "Dialogue on __Brown v. Board of Education"__

[] Publication released In May 2004 by the American Bar Association to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the landmark decision by examining the legacy of the case through raising issues related to law and society today. American Experience: Eyes on the Prize

@http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/

On this companion site to the //American Experience// documentary //Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement 1954-1985//, you can explore media, primary sources, profiles of people and organizations, milestone events, reflections of movement veterans and others, and a teacher's guide.

Beyond Brown: Pursuing the Promise [] This site provides resources, including lesson plans and student activity sheets to accompany the video "Beyond Brown: Pursuing the Promise." Research guide to Judge Garrity's decision []

Separate Is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education []

On this companion site to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History special exhibition, //Separate Is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education//, you will find historical background and reflections on the decision, and additional resources for teachers and students.

Best of History Web Sites: Civi l Rights movement

@http://www.besthistorysites.net/USHistory_CivilRights.shtml

This site provides an extensive annotated list of links related to the Civil Rights Movement. Digital History: Civil Rights

@http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/resource_guides/content.cfm?tpc=29

This site includes readings, primary sources, audio and visual materials, and resources for teachers related to civil rights. Birmingham Civil Rights Institute: Online Resource Gallery

@http://www.bcri.org/index.html

On this site, you will find a series of interviews collected by the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute's Oral History Project that focus on the experiences of local movement participants, particularly in relation to Birmingham's labor history. Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project

@http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/

This site focuses on the Civil Rights Movement in thePacific Northwestand features oral histories, images, documents, and personal biographies. Landmark Supreme Court Cases

@http://www.landmarkcases.org/

This site provides an in-depth look at key Supreme Court cases, including //Brown v. Board of Education// and //Plessy v. Ferguson//, and features activities, excerpts from the opinions, diagrams, historical essays, and more. Separate Is Not Equal: Brown v. Board of Education - A Teacher's Resource Guide

@http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/educ/brown/resources.htm

This guide provides a narrative on the court case //Brown v. Board of Education// along with a breakdown of study areas on the topic, relevant discussion questions, and an extensive list of print, video, and Web sources on the topic.

Strategy Resources
The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow

@http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/index.html

This companion site to the PBS series //The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow// includes a collection of oral histories from people who lived in the time of Jim Crow (see Jim Crow Stories) and many resources for teachers (see For Teachers), which includes a guide to developing student oral history projects and an extensive collection of annotated oral history links. Teacher Lesson Plan: Using Oral History

@http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/oralhist/ohhome.html

On this Learning Page from the Library of Congress, you will find a lesson plan that uses oral history audio clips to look at social history inAmericafrom 1936-1940. 42Explore: Oral History

@http://www.42explore2.com/oralhst.htm

This site features six oral history activities and provides an annotated list of links devoted to oral history projects and teacher resources. DoHistory: Step-by-Step Guide to Oral History

@http://www.dohistory.org/on_your_own/toolkit/oralHistory.html

This site provides a step-by-step guide to collecting oral histories. Rutgers Oral History Archives

@http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/Interviews/indexes/conflictindex.html

This site features in-depth interviews with individuals who served on the home front and overseas during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Cold War. History Matters: Making Sense of Oral History

@http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/oral/

This extensive article includes an overview of oral history, what questions to ask and resources to use when collecting an oral history, and resources to use. It also includes a series of interactive activities that feature sample oral histories. American Century Project

@http://www.doingoralhistory.org/

This site contains extensive instructions and materials for teachers and students about doing oral histories. It also includes an archive of oral histories on a variety of topics in American history, online workshops, and additional resources. Documenting the American South: Oral History of the American South

@http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/

Here you will find 500 oral history interviews on topics related to the American South, including civil rights, environmental transformations, Southern women, and Southern politics.

Glossary of Nonviolence

 * AGAPE** - Overflowing unconditional love for all, including adversaries, needed for nonviolent conflict-resolution. Dr. King called it “love in action…love seeking to preserve and create community…love which is purely spontaneous, unmotivated, groundless and creative.”
 * AHIMSA** - The Hindi word for non-injury, or nonviolence made popular by Gandhi as the central value of his beliefs and leadership.
 * ARBITRATION** - Hearing of a dispute and determining its outcome by a mutually-agreed-upon third party. Can be binding or non-binding.
 * BELOVED COMMUNITY** - Term coined by philosopher Josiah Royce to denote an ideal community, used frequently by Dr. King to describe a society of justice, peace and harmony which can be achieved through nonviolence. In his sermon at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, on April 2, 1957, Dr. King said, “The aftermath of nonviolence is the creation of the beloved community.”
 * BOYCOTT** – A campaign of withdrawal of support from a company, government or institution which is committing an injustice, such as racial discrimination. As Dr. King said, “There is nothing quite so effective as the refusal to cooperate with the forces and institutions which perpetuate evil in our communities.”
 * CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE** – The act of openly disobeying an unjust, immoral or unconstitutional law as a matter of conscience, and accepting the consequences, including submitting to imprisonment if necessary, to protest an injustice.
 * CONFLICT RESOLUTION** - Ending of conflict, disputes or disagreements by nonviolent means with intent to achieve a “win-win” outcome for all parties.
 * CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION** - A refusal to participate in military service because of moral beliefs.
 * CREATIVE TENSION** – In his Letter from A Birmingham Jail, Dr. King said, “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such creative tension that a community that has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue…I must confess that I am not afraid of the word, tension. I have earnestly worked and preached against violent tension, but there is a type of constructive tension that is necessary for growth… the purpose of direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation.”
 * DEMONSTRATIONS** - Gatherings and protest activities organized to build support for peace, justice or social reform.
 * DIRECT ACTION** - Nonviolent resistance to injustice. More than 250 forms of nonviolent direct action have been identified, including marches, boycotts, picketing, sit-ins and prayer vigils, to name a few. See Six steps of nonviolence.
 * FASTING** - Refusing to eat as a method of self-purification to be spiritually strengthened for nonviolent action, or as a protest.
 * GANDHI, MOHANDAS K.** - (1869—1948) Leader of India’s nonviolent independence movement, who forced the British to quit India. Dr. King studied Gandhi’s successful campaigns and adapted some of Gandhi’s strategies in the American Civil Rights Movement. As Dr. King said of the role of Gandhi’s teachings in the Civil Rights Movement, “Christ furnished the spirit and motivation, while Gandhi furnished the method.” Dr. King said “Gandhi was the guiding light of our technique for nonviolent social change.”
 * LAWS, JUST VS. UNJUST** - A distinction made in deciding to engage in civil disobedience. A just law is created by both a majority and minority, and is binding on both. An unjust law is created by a majority that is binding on the minority, when the minority has no voice in creating the law. Dr. King said, “A just law is a man-made code that squares with moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with moral law…One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly and with a willingness to accept the penalty.”
 * MASS MARCH** - A large number of people walk in a group to a place of symbolic significance to protest an injustice.
 * MEDIATION** - intervention in a dispute by a neutral third party with expertise on a particular issue for the purpose of securing a compromise, an agreement or reconciliation. A mediator can not impose a binding agreement.
 * MORAL SUASION** - Appealing to the moral beliefs of an adversary or the public to convince the adversary to change behavior or attitudes.
 * NEGOTIATION** - Process of discussing, compromising and bargaining with adversaries in good faith to secure a resolution to a conflict and reconciliation of adversaries. (See six steps of nonviolence below)
 * NONCOOPERATION** - Refusal to participate in activities of or cooperate with individuals, governments, institutions, policies or laws that result in violence or injustice.
 * PACIFISM** - A philosophy based on an absolute refusal to engage in violence because it is morally wrong.
 * PASSIVE RESISTANCE** - Challenging an injustice by refusing to support or cooperate with an unjust law, action or policy. The term “passive” is misleading because passive resistance includes pro-active nonviolence, such as marches, boycotts and other forms of active protest.
 * PERSONAL COMMITMENT** - The spiritual and psychological decision to participate in nonviolent action to eliminate an injustice. Prayer, meditation and sometimes fasting are used to deepen one’s spiritual understanding.
 * PETITION CAMPAIGNS** - gathering of massive numbers of signatures in support of or opposed to a policy, proposal or law.
 * PICKETING** - A group of individuals walk with signs bearing protest messages in front of a site where an injustice has been committed.
 * PURIFICATION** - The cleansing of anger, selfishness and violent attitudes from the heart and soul in preparation for a nonviolent struggle. (See six steps of nonviolence below)
 * RECONCILIATION** - The end goal of nonviolence. Bringing together of adversaries in a spirit of community after a conflict has been resolved. (See six steps of nonviolence below)
 * REDEMPTIVE SUFFERING** – A willingness to accept suffering without seeking revenge or retribution. When an individual or group experiences injustice and abuse for a good cause, it will help produce a greater good.
 * SATYAGRAHA** - Hindi for “soul force,” a term coined by Gandhi to emphasize the power of unadorned truth and love in a social struggle
 * SAVING FACE** - Offering an adversary an alternative course of action which spares him or her embarrassment.
 * SELECTIVE PATRONAGE** - The flip side of a boycott. Making a point of purchasing a product or service from a company that supports justice.
 * SIT-INS** - Tactic of nonviolence in which protesters sit down at the site of an injustice and refuse to move for a specified period of time or until goals are achieved. Examples include Flint (Mich.) sit-down strike of 1936-37 in which auto workers sat down on job for 44 days in protest for union recognition and the student sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters in Greensboro, N.C. in 1960.
 * SIX PRINCIPLES OF NONVIOLENCE** - Fundamental tenets of Dr. King’s philosophy of nonviolence described in his first book, Stride Toward Freedom. The six principles include: (1.) Nonviolence is not passive, but requires courage; (2.) Nonviolence seeks reconciliation, not defeat of an adversary; (3.) Nonviolent action is directed at eliminating evil, not destroying an evil-doer; (4.) A willingness to accept suffering for the cause, if necessary, but never to inflict it; (5.) A rejection of hatred, animosity or violence of the spirit, as well as refusal to commit physical violence; and (6.) Faith that justice will prevail.
 * SIX STEPS OF NONVIOLENT SOCIAL CHANGE** - A sequential process of nonviolent conflict-resolution and social change based on Dr. King’s teachings. The Six Steps of Nonviolence developed by The King Center include: (1.) Information gathering and research to get the facts straight; (2.) Education of adversaries and the public about the facts of the dispute; (3.) Personal Commitment to nonviolent attitudes and action; (4.) Negotiation with adversary in a spirit of goodwill to correct injustice; (5.)Nonviolent direct action, such as marches, boycotts, mass demonstrations, picketing, sit-ins etc., to help persuade or compel adversary to work toward dispute-resolution; (6.) Reconciliation of adversaries in a win-win outcome in establishing a sense of community.
 * STOCKHOLDER’S CAMPAIGN** - Individuals or groups purchases a small amount of stock so they can have introduce resolutions at stockholder meetings, vote as stockholders and lobby corporations to correct an injustice.
 * STRIKES** - Organized withholding of labor to correct injustice.
 * TEACH-INS** - An organized event or series of events, including public hearings, lectures, panel discussions, theatrical presentations, showing of films, role-playing and scenario exercises and other educational techniques, to inform public about a particular issue.
 * TRADE SANCTIONS** - A nation levies import taxes on products from another nation, or bans importation of a nation’s products altogether.
 * UNEARNED SUFFERING** - See REDEMPTIVE SUFFERING.
 * UNCONDITIONAL LOVE** - See “AGAPE.”
 * VIGILS** - A form of protest in which individuals and groups stand, sit, walk, or pray at a site linked to an injustice or symbolically associated with principles of freedom, justice or peace.

Triple Evils
The Triple Evils of POVERTY, RACISM and WAR are forms of violence that exist in a vicious cycle. They are interrelated, all-inclusive, and stand as barriers to our living in the Beloved Community. When we work to remedy one evil, we affect all evils. The issues change in accordance with the political and social climate of our nation and world. Some contemporary manifestations are in italics below: > **POVERTY** - materialism, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, malnutrition, illiteracy, infant mortality, slums… > "There is nothing new about poverty. What is new, however, is that we now have the resources to get rid of it. The time has come for an all-out world war against poverty ... The well off and the secure have too often become indifferent and oblivious to the poverty and deprivation in their midst. Ultimately a great nation is a compassionate nation. No individual or nation can be great if it does not have a concern for 'the least of these." > **RACISM** - prejudice, apartheid, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, discrimination against differently abled, stereotypes... > "Racism is a philosophy based on a contempt for life. It is the arrogant assertion that one race is the center of value and object of devotion, before which other races must kneel in submission. It is the absurd dogma that one race is responsible for all the progress of history and alone can assure the progress of the future. Racism is total estrangement. It separates not only bodies, but minds and spirits. Inevitably it descends to inflicting spiritual and physical homicide upon the out-group." > **WAR** - militarism, imperialism, domestic violence, rape, terrorism, media violence, drugs, child abuse... > "A true revolution of values will lay hands on the world order and say of war- 'This way of settling differences is not just.' This way of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation's homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into the veins of peoples normally humane, of sending men home from dark and bloody battlefields physically handicapped psychologically deranged, cannot be reconciled with wisdom, justice and love. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death." > To work against the Triple Evils, you need to: develop a nonviolent frame of mind as described in the "Six Principles of Nonviolence" and use the Kingian model for social action outlined in the "Six Steps for Nonviolent Social Change.” > Source: "Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?" by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.

The Six Principles
> (1.) Nonviolence is not passive, but requires courage > (2.) Nonviolence seeks reconciliation, not defeat of an adversary > (3.) Nonviolent action is directed at eliminating evil, not destroying an evil-doer > (4.) A willingness to accept suffering for the cause, if necessary, but never to inflict it > (5.) A rejection of hatred, animosity or violence of the spirit, as well as refusal to commit physical violence > (6.) Faith that justice will prevail. >
 * SIX PRINCIPLES OF NONVIOLENCE** - Fundamental tenets of Dr. King’s philosophy of nonviolence described in his first book, Stride Toward Freedom. The six principles include:

**The Six Steps of Nonviolence**
SIX STEPS OF NONVIOLENT SOCIAL CHANGE - A sequential process of nonviolent conflict-resolution and social change based on Dr. King’s teachings. The Six Steps of Nonviolence developed by The King Center include: > (1.) Information gathering and research to get the facts straight > (2.) Education of adversaries and the public about the facts of the dispute > (3.) Personal Commitment to nonviolent attitudes and action > (4.) Negotiation with adversary in a spirit of goodwill to correct injustice > (5.) Nonviolent direct action, such as marches, boycotts, mass demonstrations, picketing, sit-ins etc., to help persuade or compel adversary to work toward dispute-resolution > (6.) Reconciliation of adversaries in a win-win outcome in establishing a sense of community. >

The Triple Evils (Racism, Poverty, and War)
The Triple Evils of POVERTY, RACISM and WAR are forms of violence that exist in a vicious cycle. They are interrelated, all-inclusive, and stand as barriers to our living in the Beloved Community. When we work to remedy one evil, we affect all evils. The issues change in accordance with the political and social climate of our nation and world. Some contemporary manifestations are in italics below: > **POVERTY** - materialism, unemployment, homelessness, hunger, malnutrition, illiteracy, infant mortality, slums… > "There is nothing new about poverty. What is new, however, is that we now have the resources to get rid of it. The time has come for an all-out world war against poverty ... The well off and the secure have too often become indifferent and oblivious to the poverty and deprivation in their midst. Ultimately a great nation is a compassionate nation. No individual or nation can be great if it does not have a concern for 'the least of these." > **RACISM** - prejudice, apartheid, anti-Semitism, sexism, colonialism, homophobia, ageism, discrimination against differently abled, stereotypes... > "Racism is a philosophy based on a contempt for life. It is the arrogant assertion that one race is the center of value and object of devotion, before which other races must kneel in submission. It is the absurd dogma that one race is responsible for all the progress of history and alone can assure the progress of the future. Racism is total estrangement. It separates not only bodies, but minds and spirits. Inevitably it descends to inflicting spiritual and physical homicide upon the out-group." > **WAR** - militarism, imperialism, domestic violence, rape, terrorism, media violence, drugs, child abuse... > "A true revolution of values will lay hands on the world order and say of war- 'This way of settling differences is not just.' This way of burning human beings with napalm, of filling our nation's homes with orphans and widows, of injecting poisonous drugs of hate into the veins of peoples normally humane, of sending men home from dark and bloody battlefields physically handicapped psychologically deranged, cannot be reconciled with wisdom, justice and love. A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death." > To work against the Triple Evils, you need to: develop a nonviolent frame of mind as described in the "Six Principles of Nonviolence" and use the Kingian model for social action outlined in the "Six Steps for Nonviolent Social Change.” > Source: "Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?" by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.
 * Triple Evils**
 * Dr. King’s “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence”
 * Dr. King’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail”